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Congo Virus Spread in KP

Amna Noreen

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), also known as Congo virus, is a tick-borne viral disease that can cause severe bleeding, organ failure and death in humans. The virus is transmitted by ticks of the Hyalomma genus, which feed on livestock and wild animals. Humans can get infected by direct contact with blood or tissues of infected animals, or by bites of infected ticks. The disease has a fatality rate of 10-40%, depending on the availability of treatment and supportive care.

The symptoms of CCHF usually appear within one to three days after exposure, and may include fever, headache, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore throat and bleeding from the nose, gums, skin or internal organs. Some people may also experience mood swings, confusion, agitation or coma. The disease can be diagnosed by laboratory tests that detect the virus or its antibodies in blood or tissue samples. The treatment for CCHF consists of supportive care and antiviral drugs such as ribavirin.

CCHF is endemic in many regions of Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In Pakistan, the first case of CCHF was reported in 1976 in Karachi, and since then, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in different parts of the country, especially in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab provinces. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), Pakistan reported 356 confirmed cases of CCHF from January 2014 to May 2020, with 72 deaths.

However, in recent months, there has been a surge in CCHF cases in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), a province bordering Afghanistan. According to health officials, eight cases have been confirmed in KP since June 2023, with one death reported. The deceased was an Afghan national who died at Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) in Peshawar on July 8. Three other patients are undergoing treatment at HMC, and one at Khyber Teaching Hospital. The rest have been discharged after recovery.

The rise in CCHF cases in KP has raised concerns among health authorities and the public, especially as the province prepares for Eid-ul-Azha, a religious festival that involves the sacrifice of animals. During this time, the risk of exposure to infected animals and ticks increases, as people buy, transport and slaughter animals without proper precautions. Moreover, the influx of animals and people from neighboring Afghanistan, where CCHF is also prevalent, may pose an additional challenge for disease surveillance and control.

To prevent and control the spread of CCHF in KP, health officials have advised people to take preventive measures such as wearing gloves and masks when handling animals or their products, avoiding contact with blood or body fluids of sick animals or humans, applying insect repellents or wearing protective clothing when visiting tick-infested areas, and seeking medical attention if they develop symptoms. Furthermore, health authorities have urged livestock owners and traders to deworm and treat their animals for ticks before bringing them to the markets or slaughterhouses.

The best way to prevent Congo virus infection is to avoid exposure to ticks and animals that may carry the virus. Here are some tips to protect yourself and your family from CCHF:

– Wear gloves, masks, long sleeves, trousers and boots when handling animals or their products, especially during slaughtering, skinning, butchering or disposing of carcasses.
– Avoid contact with blood or body fluids of sick animals or humans, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after any contact.
– Apply insect repellents or wear protective clothing when visiting tick-infested areas, such as forests, grasslands or farms.
– Check yourself and your animals for ticks regularly, and remove them carefully with tweezers or a tick remover. Do not crush or squeeze the ticks, as this may release the virus.
– Seek medical attention if you develop symptoms of CCHF, such as fever, headache, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore throat or bleeding. Tell your doctor if you have been in contact with ticks or animals that may be infected.
– Follow the instructions of health authorities and cooperate with disease surveillance and control measures.

CCHF is a serious public health threat that requires coordinated efforts from all stakeholders to prevent and contain outbreaks. By raising awareness, enhancing surveillance and laboratory capacity, ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment, and implementing effective infection prevention and control measures, KP can reduce the impact of this deadly disease on its population.

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Upper-lower Chitral link road restored

The land link between upper and lower Chitral has been restored after it was disrupted due to heavy rains and flooding.

Through the combined efforts of the Pakistan Army and National Highways Authority (NHA), the construction work on the abutments supporting the Mastuj Bridge has been completed, and the bridge is now open for traffic.

The abutments of the bridge were washed away by heavy rains and floods. However, with coordinated actions, the link has been re-established, allowing for smooth movement between upper and lower Chitral once again.

Bridging the divide: synergising national unity amidst divergent political ambitions.

Bridging the divide: Synergising national unity amidst divergent political ambitions

Farzana Shah

Events that transpired since the last edition of this publication have shaken Pakistan’s political landscape. Politics of collision and clash has divided the social fabric of the nation as well. Violent behaviour by a political party pitched Pakistani people and the national security establishment in front of each other. Its violent political agenda vividly display the divergence mainly from collective future of this nation based on shared national interests in which internal unity is paramount.

The incidents of May 9th 2023 exposed the rise of divergent political ambitions in national politics hiding behind the slogans of justice and human rights.  Defense Installations including Jinnah House, Lahore and General Headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi were attacked, Radio Pakistan Peshawar was burnt, and many other military installations were attacked accross Pakistan on this fateful day. National leadership has declared 9th May 2023 a Black Day in history. The nation is now demanding the accountability of those involved in the planning and carrying out of these heinous acts of treason and betrayal. Pakistan Army has made it crystal that no one involved in these crimes in any capacity will be spared.

But there lies a bigger concern for the state of Pakistan and that is how to synergize the national unity in this charged volatile political environment?

Pakistan’s enemies are well aware of the fact that Pakistan Army remains the centre of gravity and binding force for the federation of Pakistan. The unity of the federation of Pakistan is dependent on the cohesion of the bond of love between the people of Pakistan and its armed forces. A threat to this cohesion is a threat to national unity. The new wave of violent political culture and divergent political ambitions have ushered centrifugal tendencies in national politics in Pakistan.

These tendencies refer to the forces that pull different regions or groups within the state apart, rather than uniting them. Usually, these centrifugal forces are attributed to various factors such as regional disparities, ethnic and linguistic diversity, and historical grievances. It is important to note that while these tendencies exist, the government and various stakeholders continuously work towards promoting national unity and addressing these challenges. What transpired in Pakistani politics in the last 5 years, gave rise to the new wave of these tendencies in social, physical and intellectual spheres.

For a state like Pakistan where already historic ethnic and linguistic fault lines exist, such tendencies in national politics can be a direct threat to national security.

Why 9th May holds much significance can be judged by the fact that never before in the history of the Pakistan, our enemies could achieve despite making huge investments what they achieved on that day without making any investments. To make matters worse, a nefarious propaganda campaign about the military courts’ establishment was launched on social media. The crux of this propaganda is based on the claim that new military courts can’t be set up without parliament’s approval but forgot that the same was sought in 2017 and many terrorists were tried in the same military courts during their own tenure. Military courts in Pakistan never stopped working after 2015 when the then parliament approve of its establishment for the 2nd time after the unfortunate incident of APS. It was not Pakistan Army’s demand to set up these courts, instead, parliament on strong public demand set up these special courts through dozens of hardcore terrorists were convicted and punished.

The severity of these violent centrifugal politics and scale of its adverse effects on national unity is evident from the fact that after 1971, it was the first time that people of Pakistan, mainly misguided youth, were pitched against their own security forces. 52 years ago, the Awami league rallied Bengali youth against the armed forces of Pakistan in former East Pakistan to further India’s strategic designs in the region. Not only armed forces officials, but all non-Bengali people in former East Pakistan were threatened, harmed, and humiliated. The main tactics of Awami league were comprised of the application of centrifugal tendencies in academics, news media, and social domains.

What the state of Pakistan suffered from on May 9th, 2023 was no different from what transpired 5 decades ago. The strategy was the same; the only difference was the operational and tactical approaches due to changed times and circumstances. First, a narrative using new age propaganda medium i.e., social media was launched where Pakistan Army, its leadership, and ISI were presented in extremely bad light. Once a critical mass of youth was indoctrinated, 2nd phase was launched by defying law enforcement on the roads violently when they approached to apprehend the mastermind. Violence worked as a catalyst and now misguided youth was enraged as well. May 9th call for protest was the final act of this grand plan against the 5th largest military and only Muslim nuclear power. If it were not for the restraint shown by Pakistan Army and other LEAs, the situation could have turned into a complete bloodbath in multiple cities.

This misleading and violent politics of divergence and divide also demands a revision of existing cyber laws in the country so that misinformation, deception and sublime non-linguistic programming of youth can be kept in check. The state of Pakistan must make foreign-based tech giants obey local laws and security concerns for their commercial operations in the country’s cyberspace.

Pakistan will have to overcome the challenge of centrifugal tendencies in national politics. Responsible freedom of speech is critical in this regard. Media houses and news outlets regulations must be revised to ensure that provisions in the constitution regarding the sanctity of armed forces and national security institutions are being implemented in letter and spirit across the board.

The application of the writ of the state must be seen by all and must not be limited to platitudes. In this regard, the perpetrators of May 9th must be punished as per the law of the land without any regard for their social and political status. After losing support base on the political landscape considerably, a new propaganda campaign commenced with the narrative that all those who left this party were pressurised by Pakistan Army and they have been pardoned for switching their loyalties, hence May 9th was a false flag operation. This is again a smearing campaign based on misinformation and lies.

This propaganda is the reason why perpetrators of May 9th 2023 must be convicted and punished in a swift manner regardless of where lies their current political allegiances. Failure in this would not only encourage these political jugglers but would further strengthen their propaganda. It would provide them opportunities to continue with their self-centred political agenda to pollute national politics with blatant lies, hatred for the national security establishment and opportunistic leadership. Pakistan is already facing multiple challenges and can’t afford to be hostage to such tendencies. It is time to put the jinni back in the bottle to safeguard our national cohesion!

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Mountain peaks of Pakistan: A paradise for adventurous souls

Amna Noreen

Pakistan, a land known for its diverse landscapes, cultural heritage, and warm hospitality, is also home to some of the world’s most breathtaking mountain ranges. Nestled in the northern region of the country, these majestic peaks beckon climbers from across the globe to test their mettle against nature’s formidable challenges. From the legendary K2 to the awe-inspiring Nanga Parbat and the mesmerizing Rakaposhi, Pakistan’s mountain peaks offer an unparalleled experience for adventure enthusiasts and professional climbers alike. In this blog post, we will delve into the details of these remarkable peaks, exploring their allure and why they continue to captivate climbers year after year.

K2: The Savage Mountain: Standing tall at 8,611 meters (28,251 feet), K2 is the crown jewel of Pakistan’s mountain peaks. Known as the “Savage Mountain” due to its unforgiving nature, it presents an extraordinary challenge to climbers. K2 was first successfully climbed on July 31, 1954, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio. The historic ascent was made by Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni, who reached the summit after enduring grueling conditions and making a final push without supplementary oxygen.

Nanga Parbat: The Killer Mountain: Rising majestically to an elevation of 8,126 meters (26,660 feet), Nanga Parbat earns its moniker as the “Killer Mountain” due to its notorious history. It poses tremendous challenges with its steep slopes, frequent avalanches, and unpredictable weather. Nanga Parbat was first conquered on July 3, 1953, by Hermann Buhl, an Austrian climber. Buhl’s solo ascent without supplemental oxygen and his survival of a night without shelter at the peak earned him legendary status in the mountaineering community.

Rakaposhi: The Queen of Karakoram: With its stunning pyramidal peak soaring to 7,788 meters (25,551 feet), Rakaposhi holds a special place among the world’s most beautiful mountains. Located in the Karakoram Range, it entices climbers with its mesmerizing beauty and challenging ascent. Rakaposhi was first climbed on June 25, 1958, by a British-Pakistani expedition led by Mike Banks. This historic achievement marked the first successful ascent of the mountain, with Tom Patey and Captain Sher Khan reaching the summit.

Broad Peak I and II: The Twins of Godwin-Austen: Sharing the Godwin-Austen Glacier, Broad Peak I (also known as K3) and Broad Peak II (also known as K4) offer climbers twin peaks to conquer. Standing at 8,051 meters (26,414 feet) and 8,047 meters (26,400 feet), respectively, these mountains present formidable challenges. Broad Peak I was first climbed on June 9, 1957, by an Austrian expedition led by Marcus Schmuck. Fritz Wintersteller, Kurt Diemberger, and Hermann Buhl were part of the team that reached the summit. Broad Peak II was first ascended on July 9, 1975, by an Austrian team led by Peter Scholz.

Gasherbrum I and II: The Hidden Peaks: Gasherbrum I, also known as Hidden Peak, stands at an imposing height of 8,080 meters (26,509 feet), making it one of the world’s highest peaks. It was first climbed on July 5, 1958, by an American expedition led by Nicholas Clinch. Pete Schoening and Andy Kauffman were the first to reach the summit. Gasherbrum II, located close to Gasherbrum I, stands at 8,035 meters (26,362 feet). It was first ascended on July 7, 1956, by an Austrian expedition led by Fritz Moravec.

Masherbrum: The Queen of Baltoro: Revered as the “Queen of Baltoro,” Masherbrum is an awe-inspiring mountain standing at 7,821 meters (25,659 feet). It was first climbed on July 6, 1960, by a joint Pakistani-Japanese expedition. The team included Nazir Sabir, Masao Abe, and Fumitaka Ichimura, who successfully reached the summit and etched their names in mountaineering history.

Spantik: The Golden Peak: Spantik, also known as the Golden Peak, is a majestic mountain located in the Karakoram Range. Rising to an elevation of 7,027 meters (23,058 feet), it offers a challenging but achievable ascent for experienced climbers. Spantik was first climbed on July 11, 1955, by a German expedition led by Karl Kramer.

Trango Towers: The Crown Jewels of Karakoram: The Trango Towers, a group of dramatic granite spires, are considered the crown jewels of the Karakoram Range. These stunning formations attract climbers with their technical challenges and awe-inspiring beauty. The first ascent of the Great Trango Tower, the tallest in the group, was made in 1977 by a British-American team led by Joe Brown and Mo Anthoine.

Annual Climber Visitation: Pakistan’s mountain peaks, including K2, Nanga Parbat, Gasherbrum I and II, Masherbrum, Spantik, and Trango Towers, attract a significant number of climbers each year. While precise figures may vary, on average, hundreds of climbers from around the world venture to Pakistan to attempt these mountain summits annually. The allure of these peaks, the desire to conquer their challenges, and the opportunity to experience the breathtaking landscapes draw adventure enthusiasts and professional climbers to Pakistan’s mountains time and again.

There are many reasons why above mention natural features located in Pakistan’s northern areas and KPK attract world’s top climbers to Pakistan every year.

Unspoiled Natural Beauty: The mountain ranges in Pakistan boast unspoiled natural beauty, with breathtaking vistas, pristine glaciers, and awe-inspiring landscapes. Climbers are drawn to the untouched wilderness, seeking solace in the serenity of these remote regions.

Technical Challenges: Pakistan’s mountain peaks present climbers with a perfect blend of technical challenges and physical demands. The rugged terrains, steep ascents, and unpredictable weather conditions provide a true test of climbers’ skills, pushing them to their limits and beyond.

Cultural Experience: In addition to the thrilling adventure, climbers also have the opportunity to immerse themselves in Pakistan’s rich cultural heritage. The warmth and hospitality of the local communities create a unique experience, fostering a sense of connection and camaraderie.

Sense of Achievement: Conquering the mighty peaks of Pakistan is a remarkable achievement for any climber. The resilience, determination, and perseverance required to overcome the challenges of these mountains leave climbers with a profound sense of accomplishment and personal growth.

In conclusion, Pakistan’s mountain peaks, including K2, Nanga Parbat, Rakaposhi, Broad Peak I, and Broad Peak II, offer a haven for climbers seeking the ultimate adventure. These towering giants, with their formidable challenges and captivating beauty, continue to captivate professional climbers from all corners of the world. The allure lies not only in the technical difficulties posed by these mountains but also in the unspoiled landscapes, the sense of achievement upon conquering them, and the opportunity to immerse oneself in the rich cultural tapestry of Pakistan. Embarking on a mountaineering expedition in Pakistan is an experience that pushes climbers to their limits, rewarding them with memories that will last a lifetime. Though many lives have been claimed by these exotic peaks, world climbers continue to visit Pakistan every year. Pakistan needs to develop facilities for these foreign visitors to exploit their economic potential fully.

Gender Inequality In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa And Its Socio-Economic Impact

Gender Inequality In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa And Its Socio-Economic Impact

AMNA NAUREEN

Gender inequality is a critical issue that is hindering the socio-economic progress of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province in Pakistan. It is a social evil that not only affects women’s growth and development but also undermines the overall progress of the region. Despite the government’s efforts to promote gender equality, this problem persists, and women continue to face various forms of discrimination and oppression. This blog post will discuss the causes of gender inequality in KP and suggest ways to remedy this issue.

One of the primary reasons for gender inequality in KP is the patriarchal mindset prevalent in the society. The conservative cultural norms and values dictate that women should stay at home and not participate in public life. This mindset perpetuates gender discrimination and limits women’s access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities. Another factor contributing to gender inequality is the lack of awareness and education. Women in KP are often illiterate and rely on men to make decisions on their behalf. This lack of education and knowledge leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

Gender-based violence is another significant issue that contributes to gender inequality in KP. Women are subjected to physical, emotional, and psychological abuse, and the perpetrators often go unpunished. This violence not only harms women’s physical and mental health but also limits their mobility and access to public spaces.

The gender pay gap is another manifestation of gender inequality in KP. Women are often paid less than men for the same job, and they have limited opportunities for career growth. This wage gap perpetuates the existing power dynamics and reinforces the idea that women are inferior to men.

To remedy gender inequality in KP, there needs to be a concerted effort to change the prevailing cultural norms and values. The government needs to invest in education and awareness campaigns that promote gender equality and empower women. Women should be encouraged to participate in the public sphere and be given equal opportunities for education, healthcare, and employment. The government should also enforce strict laws to protect women from gender-based violence and ensure that perpetrators are punished.

Furthermore, there needs to be a focus on ensuring that women are paid equally to men for the same job. The government should encourage companies to adopt fair pay policies and penalize those that discriminate against women. This will not only empower women but also contribute to economic growth and development.

In conclusion, gender inequality is a significant impediment to the socio-economic progress of KP’s women potential. It is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to address. The government, civil society, and individuals need to work together to change the cultural mindset, promote education and awareness, and enforce laws that protect women’s rights. Only then can we hope to achieve gender equality and unlock the full potential of KP’s women.

Disinformation pushing youth towards extreme ideologies

Disinformation pushing youth towards extreme ideologies

LAILA SADAF

The contemporary era, digital connectivity and rampant spread of information has become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming entirely the way we communicate, work, learn, and engage with the world. The rapid advancements in digital technology and the proliferation of the internet have brought about a revolution in connectivity, enabling seamless interactions across geographic boundaries. It has become the mainstay of the contemporary world, reshaping entirely the ways we live, work, and interact with each other. It has connected people belonging from opposite poles of the globe, transcended borders, transformed industries, and enhanced access to education and healthcare. In larger perspective it could rightly be said that the strategies through which international communities operate has significantly influenced by this digital and technological revolution.

However, as we embrace the opportunities offered by digital connectivity, we must also address the challenges it poses. The use of Disinformation has become a potent weapon to manipulate the population and create extreme ideologies among masses. It also undermines democratic systems worldwide. During elections, false narratives and targeted propaganda can be strategically deployed to manipulate public opinion, sow division, and erode trust in political processes. In the United States, the 2016 presidential election witnessed extensive disinformation campaigns, as malicious actors exploited social media platforms to spread false information and sow discord among voters. This manipulation of democratic discourse poses a grave threat to the principles of transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making.

Disinformation, which refers to the intentional propagation of false information aimed at manipulating or deceiving individuals, has emerged as a major challenge in Pakistan, motivated by the growing usage of the internet and social media platforms. Disinformation campaigns in the country are predominantly driven by political motivations. It exacerbates divisions on various levels and fosters extreme social and political polarization as seen in the multiple states like Egypt, Turkiye and now Pakistan. Misinformation, propaganda, and false narratives pose significant threats to its social fabric, democracy, and national security of Pakistan. Some anti-state entities are actively involved in producing content that directly poses existential threats the ideologies of Pakistan’s youth. It has fueled hatred among people towards state institutions and armed forces. Besides these deepens animosities not only among people but different political groups and undermines social cohesion.

As we are witnessing an extreme divide among the people of Pakistan based political narratives, which are certainly influenced by various digital campaigns. The consequences are evident in the form of violent conflicts, civil unrest:  as seen in the recent attacks on general headquarters and public properties. The dissemination of fake news and manipulated videos has sparked violent clashes among public and police forces, hundreds of people were arrested as a consequence for vandalizing public and private properties.

Furthermore, the massive level of societal breakdown happened in Pakistan since last few years , due to the spread of fake information and propagandist operating around the globe, targeting and exploiting sensitive issues such as religion, ethnicity, or political ideologies. The spread of disinformation through social media platforms, often driven by echo chambers and algorithmic bias, intensifies polarization, making it increasingly challenging for people to distinguish between fake and authentic information and engage in meaningful dialogue or find common ground.

Perhaps one of the most significant consequences of the modernization of digital world is the erosion of trust in state institutions. In Pakistan people gettinglynched by the public based on fake narratives. Recently, due to the vulnerable political situation in Pakistan, Indians and Israeli hackers that were exploiting the opportunity and thought to be involved in running an anti-state and anti-military campaigns in Pakistan. Meanwhile most of the population of Pakistan, which is yet to be politically wake, is getting under the water by the floods of information produced daily on every social media platform. This widespread dissemination of false information has eroded the public confidence in traditional media organizations, government agencies and other administrative bodies.

This loss of trust prevalent in Pakistan’s youth in government and institutions has undermined the bedrock of democracy and fostered a general sense of skepticism among citizens regarding the political and economic future of Pakistan. The economic consequences of current wave of disinformation in Pakistan are not limited to social and political domains. False information, rumors, and manipulated data has impacted and international national investor’s confidence and most of them has moved their businesses outside Pakistan to avoid bankruptcy. It has certainly affected market stability which is evident from the crash of Pakistan’s currency and undermined national business reputation. For instance, rumors about the financial health of companies have led to significant stock market fluctuations.

Thus combatting the menace of this information warfare it is necessary to educate citizens about media literacy and critical thinking. It will empower them to identify and verify reliable information sources and would help them recognize any propaganda against national ideologies. Moreover, Introducing media literacy programs in educational curricula and organizing awareness campaigns to enhance resilience against disinformation is needed, necessary, and mandatory. Such initiatives are vital to protect youth from indulging their minds in extremist narratives and becoming a threat to the national security of and stability of Pakistan.

To counter disinformation in Pakistan, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) was enacted in 2016, penalizing those who intentionally spread false information through electronic channels. However, the law has been criticized for curbing free speech and infringing on the right to freedom of expression. Additionally, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) established a web monitoring system in 2019 to detect objectionable online content, but it has faced the same accusations of censorship and limiting access to information, especially for legitimate dissenting voices and critical perspectives.

Therefore, banning or restriction on social media platforms like twitter, Facebook, and whatsapp are not the wisely perceived solution of government to cope with the prevailing misuse of these platforms, rather it is conceived as the violation of fundamental and constitutional rights of citizen and in general scourge of democratic values by the international community. On that account, the Pakistan government needs to strengthen legal frameworks to combat disinformation campaigns, including the policy revision of PECA to ensure that it does not violate freedom of expression and developing new laws and regulations to address disinformation campaigns.

Regional Connectivity: Key To Prosperity For The Region

Regional Connectivity: Key to prosperity for the region

Regional Connectivity: Key To Prosperity For The Region

FARZANA SHAH

Regional connectivity refers to the infrastructure and networks that connect different regions within a country or between neighbouring countries. It encompasses various modes of transportation, such as roads, railways, airports, seaports, and telecommunications. Regional connectivity plays a crucial role in the development and prosperity of regional states for several reasons. Pakistan’s geographical location makes it a natural hub between the most populated regions of the world that can play a pivotal role in regional connectivity between Central Asia, India, China, and the Middle East. Central Asian states are landlocked geographies without any seaport. Pakistan offers land-bridge for these states connecting these to the Arabian Sea through Gwadar and Karachi ports.

Unfortunately, due to various geopolitical reasons, Pakistan is yet to capitalise on its naturally gifted geography. Prolonged conflict in Afghanistan, issues like Kashmir, border tensions between India and China, and meddling of foreign powers have kept the entire region hostage to territorial conflicts and mutual mistrust among regional states.

For Pakistan, regional connectivity is the key to geo-economic transformation, which is long overdue and perhaps is the only option for the country to turn around its economy. The need for regional connectivity is already there in the region but there is no solid unified plan to reap its benefits.

Before addressing how to overcome these challenges, let’s take a look at how regional connectivity can enhance the prospects of common development and growth across the region and how Pakistan can benefit from it specifically.

Economic Growth: Enhanced regional connectivity facilitates the movement of goods, services, and people, which boosts trade and commerce. It creates opportunities for businesses to expand their markets, access raw materials and resources, and establish efficient supply chains. Improved connectivity stimulates economic growth, generates employment, and attracts investments, thereby improving the overall prosperity of the regional states.

Pakistan’s regional connectivity initiatives, such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), aim to enhance economic integration between Pakistan and its neighbouring countries. CPEC, a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by China, involves the development of infrastructure, energy, and trade corridors, connecting the deep-sea Gwadar Port in Pakistan to China’s northwestern region. This connectivity brings enormous economic opportunities, including trade facilitation, industrial development, investment inflows, and job creation.

Trade and Investment: Efficient regional connectivity enables seamless trade and investment flows. It reduces transportation costs, transit times, and trade barriers, making it easier for businesses to engage in cross-border trade. Regional states can leverage their geographical proximity to establish economic corridors and special economic zones, attracting multinational corporations and promoting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).   Improved regional connectivity would allow Pakistan to expand its trade opportunities and gain better market access. With efficient road and rail networks linking Pakistan to China, Central Asia, and beyond, the country can tap into new markets and establish stronger trade relationships. Reduced transportation costs and transit times will make Pakistani products more competitive in regional and international markets.

Energy Security: Energy security is a growing strategic concern for every state today. Regional connectivity also offers energy security by opening new options for energy imports for states facing energy crises.

Regional connectivity projects, particularly those related to energy infrastructure, are contributing to Pakistan’s energy security. CPEC includes the development of power plants, transmission lines, and energy corridors, addressing Pakistan’s energy deficit. These projects aim to overcome energy shortages, diversify the energy mix, and enhance energy connectivity with neighbouring countries, ensuring a reliable and sustainable energy supply.

Tourism and Cultural Exchange: Accessible regional connectivity encourages tourism and cultural exchange. Well-connected transportation networks facilitate the movement of tourists between different regions, enabling them to explore diverse attractions and experience various cultural traditions. This promotes tourism development, generates revenue, and fosters cultural understanding and appreciation among regional states.

Pakistan possesses diverse landscapes, historical sites, and cultural heritage. Enhancing regional connectivity can boost tourism, attracting domestic and international visitors to explore the country’s scenic beauty and rich cultural heritage. Easy access to neighbouring countries can also promote cultural exchange, tourism cooperation, and people-to-people interactions, fostering greater understanding and appreciation among different nations.

Social Integration and Connectivity: Regional connectivity strengthens social ties and promotes integration among regional states. Efficient transportation networks allow people to connect, communicate, and interact more easily, fostering social cohesion and cultural exchange. It facilitates the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and expertise, leading to collaborative efforts in areas such as education, healthcare, and research.

Regional connectivity has the potential to uplift Pakistan’s socio-economic conditions. Improved transportation networks connect remote and underdeveloped regions to major economic centres, enabling the flow of investments, resources, and opportunities. This can help bridge development gaps, reduce regional disparities, and uplift the quality of life for people in previously marginalized areas.

Disaster Management and Emergency Response: In times of emergencies or natural disasters, regional connectivity plays a vital role in facilitating rapid response and relief efforts. Well-established transportation and communication networks enable the efficient movement of emergency personnel, supplies, and resources to affected regions. Effective coordination and information sharing are critical in mitigating the impact of disasters and ensuring the safety and well-being of the affected population.

Pakistan is located in a region most affected by climate change and the adverse impact on its local infrastructure. Regional connectivity can help reduce the impact of climate change-induced disasters like floods where roads get damaged and people become stranded particularly in the northern regions. In such a scenario, road networks running through neighbouring countries like Afghanistan can provide an alternative to flood-affected people.

Regional Security and Stability: Robust regional connectivity can contribute to enhanced security and stability. Well-connected regions promote closer cooperation and coordination in areas such as border control, intelligence sharing, and law enforcement. Improved connectivity can help address security challenges, such as the movement of illicit goods, human trafficking, and cross-border crimes.    Strengthening regional connectivity can contribute to stability and peace in the region. Enhanced economic integration and connectivity foster closer ties between countries, leading to improved cooperation, mutual understanding, and shared interests. By promoting economic interdependence, regional connectivity initiatives can potentially reduce tensions and conflicts, promoting a more peaceful and stable environment.

Pakistan can bring peace to its restive northern border through large-scale regional connectivity initiatives with Iran and Afghanistan. Opening trade and humanitarian corridors with India can play a vital role in developing peace on the eastern border as well. Kartarpur corridor opening was a right step in this direction. Other opportunities must be explored by the government of Pakistan.

Infrastructure Development: Regional connectivity investments not only improve transportation networks but also stimulate infrastructure development and construction activities, creating employment opportunities and boosting the local economy.

Pakistan’s geographical location makes it a potential transit and transport hub between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. By improving regional connectivity, Pakistan can establish efficient transportation corridors, including road, rail, and air routes, facilitating the movement of goods and people. Challenges and Way Forward

This opens up opportunities for transit trade, transshipment, and logistics services, bringing economic benefits and positioning Pakistan as a key regional player. But without proper planning, long-term political ownership, and confidence-building measures with India, the larger dream of regional connectivity will remain a distant dream.

CPEC/BRI are great regional connectivity initiative by China and Pakistan which has attracted regional countries as well but at the same time, these initiatives have been seen through a geopolitical lens in certain capitals; hence were declared as threats. China, India and Pakistan are all part of the SCO organization which can serve as the best platform for Islamabad to initiate diplomatic overtures on the regional level for a greater regional connectivity network to promote and reap all the above-mentioned benefits for all regional states. The foundation for such diplomacy will demand every state to withdraw from hard positions, at least on diplomatic levels, so that progress can be made on regional connectivity initiatives which can bring a complete socio-economic turnaround in the subcontinent where the largest portion of the global population is living below the poverty lines.

In summary, regional connectivity is of great significance to Pakistan as it offers substantial economic benefits, enhances trade and market access, ensures energy security, establishes Pakistan as a transit hub, promotes regional stability, drives socio-economic development, and boosts tourism and cultural exchange. These factors highlight the critical role of regional connectivity in shaping Pakistan’s and the region’s future growth and prosperity.

Populist Politics: Analyzing Imran Khan's Era

Populist Politics: Analyzing Imran Khan’s Era

SALMAN AHMAD

Populism, a political ideology fueled by people’s antagonism against elites and their perceived corruption, has emerged as a significant phenomenon in several countries, Pakistan included. Populism emphasizes the interests of the common people over the corrupt elites, based on the distinction between two groups in a society: the poor and the corrupt elites. Populist leaders often appeal to the emotions and sentiments of the public by promising to address their grievances and solve their problems. History bears testimony to the fact that these appeals often lack rationale and facts.

The emergence of populist politics can be traced back to the Farmers Alliance of the 1840s in the United States and to Latin American populism in the mid-20th century.  The great recession of 2008 is considered a catalyst for sparking populism in Europe and America. Prominent populist figures in recent history across the world include USA’s Donald Trump, Turkiye’s Recep Tayyab Erdogan, Italy’s Matteo Salvini, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Brazil’s Jair Bolsonaro, France’s Marine Le Pen, Hungary’s Viktor Orbán and Philippines’ Rodrigo Duterte.

Populism in South Asian countries including Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India is somehow different from that of Europe and America. The issues concerning populism in Asia are countering elites, poverty, corruption and minority-related issues. In the Pakistani context, family dynasties in politics i.e., Bhutto and Sharif families, remained the main targets of populism. Populism remained a prominent feature of Pakistan’s politics since its inception in 1947. Several politicians such as Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, his Daughter Benazir Bhutto, and recently Imran Khan employed populist rhetoric and familiarised populist policies to get the masses’ support for ruling the country.

In recent years, Imran Khan, the former prime minister of Pakistan, emerged as a prominent populist leader. He rose to power in 2018 utilising populist rhetoric of anti-corruption and economic reforms, and a promise to create “Naya (New) Pakistan” that would be free from the influence of the country’s traditional political elites. Using populist rhetoric Imran Khan’s party, the Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf (PTI), won most of the National Assembly (NA) seats allowing him to become the prime minister of the country. Being a marginal player in the country’s politics, it was a significant achievement for him. However, questions raised over the fairness and transparency of the elections.

Social scientists and scholars have highlighted a number of characteristics of populism and a populist leader. Most of the scholars criticised the populist ideology and some termed it as a potential challenge for real democracy. Populist leaders create a narrative that the earlier power elites only served their own interests and never actually represent the people. And the people will rule the country if that populist leader was chosen to rule.  Populist leaders around the world possess common attributes and characteristics; some of these characteristics are briefly discussed and the conduct of Imran Khan as a populist leader has been analysed in light of these characteristics.

“We are the pure people; they are the corrupt leaders”; is the universal catch-phrase being used by populists implying that the populist leader and his followers are the embodiment of the true will and interest of the people portraying the established power elites as corrupt, self-serving and disconnected from the needs and concerns of the common people.  By doing so, they seek to delegitimise the existing elites and present themselves as a viable alternative. In Imran Khan’s discourse, the root cause of all the problems in Pakistan is corruption within the ruling elites (hidden from the eyes of common people) which has led to economic downfall and resulted in unemployment, inflation, and foreign debt.

Populist leaders exacerbate polarisation anddivision within the society, institutions and media, framing the political debate as ‘us’ (populists) versus ‘them’ (opposition). They foster an “either with us or against us” mentality making it difficult for constructive dialogue and pluralism. This polarisation often led to conflict within the society and institutions destined for anarchy and chaos. Imran Khan’s populist program was also based on polarisation and confrontational rhetoric which contributed to the political instability and chaos in the country. PTI-led government remained in unprecedented confrontation with the opposition throughout his tenure as prime minister of the country.

Populist leaders tend to manipulate liberal democratic institutions and processes i.e., elections, to gain power and legitimise their rule. They try to undermine and often weaken democratic institutions by eroding the independence and credibility of these institutions. Constitutional and valued neutrality of democratic institutions often remains suspended under a populist leader. Imran Khan undermined the authority of the constitutional institutions including the Election Commission, judiciary, and law enforcement agencies during his tenure as prime minister of the country. As a populist leader, he pressurised institutions for personal and political gains. Imran Khan’s victory in the 2018 General Elections was subjected to controversy and allegations of fraud. Analysts and critics argue that the lack of transparency and fairness in the electoral process has damaged the credibility of Pakistan’s democratic institutions under Khan’s rule.    Populist leaders often demonstrate a reluctance to acknowledge or value the significance of opposition within a democratic system. They attempt to discredit opposition by questioning their legitimacy, portraying them as part of corrupt elites and labelling them as enemies of the people. They use derogatory language and dismiss opposing voices terming them as irrelevant. The Khan-led previous government used all its might to suppress opposition by putting almost all key opposition leaders in jails. It took extreme measures to suppress opposition voices within the politicians, civil society and media. The accusations of influencing the judiciary were levelled against Imran Khan for gaining an advantage over his political opponents. He created an uneven playing field for the opposition and undermined the fairness of the country’s democratic process.

Another key characteristic of populist leaders or governments is targeting the independence of media and suppression of critical voices. They tend to attack journalists and media organisations labeling them asenemies or opponents while undermining their credibility.

Through media management and control, populist leaders attempt to shape public narratives, restrict access to alternative viewpoints and limit media’s ability to hold them accountable.  Media in Pakistan under Imran Khan was subjected to the worst kind of persecution in the democratic history of the country. Journalists were pressurised and maltreated, and media organisations were forced to remove those who were critical to the government.  During the Imran Khan era, civil society organisations including NGOs, advocacy forums and human rights organisations were also discredited. Intimidation tactics were used by the government to restrict activities of civil society, limited their funding and shrunk enabling environment for the activists.

Some populist leaders have also known to exhibit a tendency to challenge and undermine checks and balances which are the significant aspects of a democratic system. By reducing checks and balances (imposed by the state institutions) the populist leaders exert control over the decision-making process and limit accountability. Populist leaders deny the balance of power because they usually don’t believe in accountability and think that they are always right. Imran Khan also exerted the same tendency during his regime. He targeted accountability organisations, pressurised courts and attacked the credibility of the organisations responsible for accountability.    Populist leaders tend to make decisions based on personal or narrow interests rather than following an established democratic process or consulting a diverse range of stockholders. They also try to present unrealistic and over-simplistic solutions to the most complex issues aimed at appeasing the voters. Policies driven by unrealistic expectations most of the time have potentially harmful consequences and do not adequately address the root causes of the problems.  Khan’s populist policies were the establishment of a welfare state, the provision of millions of Jobs and houses for the poor and the introduction of bizarre business models. These promises seem very attractive on their face but materializing them requires the capacity lacking by the then government.

The current political turmoil in Pakistan, which is the result of various factors including Imran Khan’s populist politics, has significant impacts on the lives of ordinary Pakistanis. These impacts include economic instability, social unrest, and political polarisation, which all have negative consequences for people’s well-being and quality of life. Pakistani people cannot afford this political turmoil anymore. This country needs stable and effective governance to address challenges and promote the well-being of all of its citizens.

violence as a political tool

The consequences of Pakistan’s violent political culture

SEHRISH FATIMA

Violence has long tormented human culture, and when it invades the political domain, the results can be annihilating. A violent political culture is a curse that undermines the very foundations of democracy and peaceful coexistence. It breeds fear, suppresses dissent, and perpetuates a cycle of aggression.

A violent political culture flourishes with the seeds of division and struggle. Politicians and their allies and supporters often resort to aggressive rhetoric, disdainful discourse, and surprisingly even physical violence to further their interests. Instead of promoting dialogue and understanding, they exacerbate societal fault lines, creating an “us versus them” mentality. Such an environment disintegrates trust in institutions and deepens societal divisions, making it challenging to settle on something worth agreeing on and seek aggregate advancement.

The long record of political terror and violence in Pakistan has had an esoteric and significant impact on the country’s political terrain. The viciousness has been energized by a range of elements, including ethnic and partisan strains, political polarization, and the impact of radical and fanatic groups.

The underlying foundations and roots of Pakistan’s violent and brutal political culture can be outlined back to the country’s early history. In 1947, a homeland for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan was created. Since then, Pakistan has been tormented by ethnic and partisan strains.  These tensions have been exacerbated by a range of factors, including economic disparity, political debasement, and the impact of radical and extremist groups.

Violence in politics frequently prompts the concealment of difference and the terrorizing of people who hold varying suppositions. Threats, physical attacks, and provocation become instruments utilized to smother resistance, effectively silencing the voices of marginalized groups and dissidents. In such an environment, individuals are reluctant to communicate their perspectives unreservedly, prompting a chilling impact on equitable cooperation and the disintegration of basic privileges.

Political polarization is one of the vital drivers of political violence in Pakistan. The nation has a profoundly divided political scene, with various gatherings and groups seeking power. This has prompted serious political competitions and a conqueror brings home all the glory mindset, which has powered vicious showdowns between political gatherings and groups.

Another element contributing to political violence brutality in Pakistan is the impact of fanatic and extremist groups and gatherings.   Pakistan has for quite some time been a favorable place for radical gatherings, many of which have connections to the Taliban and other fear-mongering associations. These gatherings have conducted various assaults on legislators, writers, and other individuals of note, and have looked to subvert the country’s vote-based organizations.

A violent political culture poses a direct threat to the principles of democracy and the rule of law. When politicians and their supporters resort to violence, it undermines the democratic process, replacing rational discourse and peaceful elections with chaos and disorder. The rule of law is disregarded as mob justice takes precedence, further eroding the foundations of a just and equitable society.

The impact of violent political culture extends beyond the political realm. It has extreme economic consequences as well. Investors are reluctant to focus on shaky and uneven conditions, and organizations endure subsequently. Disturbances in law and order and public requests thwart monetary development, smother advancement, and obstruct foreign investment. Ultimately, the burden falls on the citizens, as joblessness and destitution rates rise, worsening social imbalance and fueling complaints.

Living in a society plagued by violent political culture takes a toll on the collective psyche. Dread, fear, anxiety, and feeling of defenselessness become unavoidable. People become frustrated and lose confidence in their leaders and institutions. The fabric of social cohesion begins to unravel, as mistrust and suspicion poison interpersonal relationships. The resulting social unrest threatens to tear communities apart, leaving lasting scars that may take generations to heal.

A violent political culture not only damages society internally but also affects a nation’s standing on the international stage. Nations that embrace violence as a political tool often find themselves isolated, facing strained diplomatic relations and diminishing influence.  Impeding progress on critical global challenges such as climate change, human rights, and peacekeeping efforts.

A violent political culture is a revile that happens to social orders, abandoning a path of obliteration and obstructing progress on various fronts. It propagates division, suppresses dissent, dissolves democracy, damages the economy, and inflicts profound mental injuries. It is compulsory that we collectively refuse violence in politics and work towards a culture that values peace, patience, and respectful dialogue. Only through a commitment to non-violence we could at any point fabricate a public that cultivates solidarity, flourishing, and veritable advancement for all.

Notwithstanding these difficulties and challenges, to address Pakistan’s violent political culture, there are steps that can be taken. One key step is to advance more noteworthy political and social attachments and cohesion.

Another significant step is to fortify the country’s vote-based establishments. This can be accomplished through measures like the foundation of an autonomous legal executive, the reinforcing of the appointive cycle, and the advancement of the press and other common freedoms.

At long last, it is vital to address the main drivers of radicalism and psychological warfare in Pakistan. This can be accomplished through a scope of measures, including the advancement of training and economic turn of events, the fortification of policing security powers, and the advancement of moderately strict voices.

All in all, Pakistan’s rough political culture is a revile that significantly affects the nation’s majority-rule government and its kin. While there are no simple answers to this perplexing issue, fundamental advances are being made to address the main drivers of political viciousness in Pakistan and to advance more prominent political and social attachment. At that time, Pakistan could at any point move towards an additional serene and prosperous future.