ZEESHAN HOTI
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), a province in Pakistan’s northwestern region, is home to a vibrant, youthful population eager to make their mark on the world.
Recognizing the importance of investing in the future of its youth, KP’s provincial government has launched several youth empowerment programs to provide skills, mentorship, and financial support to help them thrive. The most impactful youth empowerment programs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, include the KP Youth Employment Program, the Ihsaas Naujawan Loan Scheme, and other efforts designed to unlock opportunities for young people.
These programs are making a real difference in the lives of the youth and why they matter for the future.
KP Youth Employment Program: Bridging the Skills Gap
The KP Youth Employment Program (KYEP) by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board (KPITB) is one of the most exciting initiatives for youth empowerment in the region. This program is designed to prepare young people for the job market by giving them the skills and guidance they need to succeed in today’s competitive world.
A major highlight of the program is the provision of global certifications in various fields. These certifications are recognized internationally and open up a gate of opportunities for young people in industries like digital marketing, software development, graphic design, data science, and e-commerce.
KPITB’s certification program equips youth in the province for both local and global job markets. It provides career guidance and mentorship from industry experts, helping participants make informed career choices, build networks, and stay competitive. The program emphasizes industry-relevant digital skills, such as coding, digital marketing, and graphic design—essential for success in today’s tech-driven world.
Ihsaas Naujawan Loan Scheme: Fueling Entrepreneurial Dreams While education and skill development are key to getting a job, entrepreneurship is another powerful avenue for young people to thrive. The Ihsaas Naujawan Loan Scheme, part of Pakistan’s larger Ehsaas Program, is a game-changer for youth looking to start their businesses. This loan scheme offers low-interest loans with flexible repayment terms, making it easier for young people to take that first step toward entrepreneurship. Whether they look to start a small retail business, launch a tech startup, or get into agriculture, these loans can help turn their business dreams into reality.
The scheme is designed to support young people (Ages: 18 to 35) from all walks of life, especially those who have struggled to access traditional financial services. The low interest rates and minimal collateral requirements make it easier for young entrepreneurs to secure the funds they need without the burden of heavy debt.
The impact of this loan scheme is already visible. More and more young people are stepping up to launch their businesses, creating jobs for themselves and others. This not only empowers young individuals but is also responsible for the economic growth of the region by fostering a culture of entrepreneurship and self-reliance.
Digital Skills and Tech Training: Preparing for the Future
In the digital era, traditional jobs are giving way to tech-driven roles requiring specialized skills. To equip youth for this transition, the KP government has heavily invested in digital skills training.
The KP government has partnered with leading tech companies and institutions to provide training in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), cybersecurity, and data science. These skills are crucial as industries increasingly rely on technology to operate efficiently.
Programs like these equip the youth of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the knowledge and tools to work in the global tech industry, whether it’s as software developers, digital marketers, or data analysts.
The best part is that many of these training programs are online, making them accessible to youth in remote and underserved areas of the province.
Moreover, with the rise of freelancing and remote work, digital skills are more important than ever. Young people can now work with international clients or start their online businesses from the comfort of their homes. Impact and Significance of These Programs
These programs not only change the lives of individual young people but also have a transformative impact on the region.
Increased Employability: The global certifications and digital skills provided by the KP Youth Employment Program have enhanced the employability of youth in KP. With the right skills and certifications, young people are now better equipped to compete for jobs both locally and internationally.
Entrepreneurial Growth: The Ihsaas Naujawan Loan Scheme has made it easier for young people to start businesses. This is helping to reduce youth unemployment in the province and has led to the creation of new job opportunities within local communities.
Access to Mentorship and Guidance: By connecting youth with experienced mentors, the government is helping them make informed career choices and avoid common mistakes in the workplace. This guidance is giving young people the confidence to pursue their goals and succeed in their careers.
Strengthened Local Economies: As more young people start their businesses and acquire digital skills, they contribute to the local economy. Whether it’s through small businesses, freelancing, or working in the tech industry, these young people are playing a key role in the economic development of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Social & Personal Development: These programs are also fostering a sense of confidence, responsibility, and purpose among young people. As they acquire new skills and knowledge, they are empowered to contribute meaningfully to their communities and lead a more successful life.
These youth empowerment programs by the KP government are creating a strong foundation for the future of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Through a combination of skill development, mentorship, financial support, and a focus on entrepreneurship, these programs are helping young people reach their full potential and build successful careers.
As the world continues to evolve, the consequence of investing in youth cannot be overstated. The KP government’s efforts to support its young population pave the way for a more prosperous and innovative future. With continued support and development, the youth of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are set to lead the province to new heights in the years to come.
LAILA SADAF
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s (KP) local bodies’ representatives, including mayors, chairmen, and councilors, have been protesting for the last three years against the Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf (PTI) led provincial government. However, the previous three months saw a robust increase in these protests mostly resulting in baton charges, tear gas shelling and arrests of the representatives. Despite being elected in 2021 and 2022 under the two-tier local government system, these representatives claim that not a single rupee from their allocated development budget has been released, paralyzing essential municipal and social services across the province.
The local bodies are demanding the implementation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act, 2013, in its true spirit, including the formulation of Rules of Business, establishment of council offices, and operationalization of devolved departments. The situation has also resulted in delays in the salaries of municipal employees and growing local- level public grievances. Previous assurances by the government to address these issues have not been fulfilled, resulting in regular protest by the local bodies representatives, usually outside the provincial assembly, and road blockades.
KP government had initially released Rs3.6 billion in development funds in December 2024 but later withdrew them, reportedly, because the Chief
Minister wanted to distribute them within PTI-backed counselors. Of these funds, Rs3.2 billion was allocated to 51 tehsil councils out of 131, and Rs372 million to six tehsils of merged districts, mostly favouring PTI-affiliated representatives. This selective allocation led to accusations of discrimination and further fueled protests, including a demonstration outside Adiala Jail to draw the attention of PTI founder Imran Khan. The ongoing protests will continue until the local government representatives’ financial and legal demands are met. Local governments (LGs) are facing severe financial constraints that prevent them from carrying out their assigned responsibilities. Consequences of this financial squeeze are far-reaching. Basic services, such as sanitation, waste management, and infrastructure maintenance, suffer significantly. The inability of LGs to address these fundamental needs exacerbates existing socio-economic disparities and fuels public discontent. Moreover, the lack of financial autonomy undermines the very essence of local governance, hindering the empowerment of communities and the promotion of participatory development.
The issue is further compounded by the governance structure itself, the relationship between the provincial and local governments is often characterized by a lack of clarity and coordination. This ambiguity creates overlaps in responsibilities and hinders effective service delivery. Moreover, the capacity of LG officials to manage finances and implement development projects remains a concern. The absence of adequate training and technical support further exacerbates the problem.
The discontent among local government representatives is palpable. The underfunded Local Government representatives are planning to converge on the capital, highlighting the growing frustration with the current state of affairs. This protest underscores the urgency of addressing the financial and governance challenges facing KP’s local governments.
To efficiently address this complex dilemma, a multi-pronged approach is required. Firstly, the KP government must prioritize enhancing its revenue generation capacity. This can be achieved through streamlining tax collection mechanisms, expanding the tax base, and promoting investment in sectors with high revenue potential. Secondly, the government must implement robust measures to curb corruption and enhance transparency in public financial management. This includes strengthening internal audit systems, promoting e-governance initiatives, and ensuring accountability at all levels.
Thirdly, the provincial government must strengthen the financial autonomy of local governments. This can be achieved by increasing fund allocation, streamlining disbursement processes, and providing technical assistance to enhance their revenue generation capacity. Additionally, clear lines of authority and responsibility must be established between the provincial and local governments to ensure effective coordination and service delivery.
Finally, the capacity of local government officials must be enhanced through comprehensive training programs. These programs should focus on financial management, project planning, and service delivery. Furthermore, the government should invest in building robust monitoring and evaluation systems to track the progress of development projects and ensure accountability.
The dilemma of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LGs requires urgent and concerted action. By prioritizing revenue generation, strengthening local governments and promoting citizen engagement, the province can pave the way for sustainable development and improved service delivery. Addressing these challenges is essential for the well-being of the people of KP. The province’s success hinges on a commitment to good governance, financial prudence, and a genuine dedication to serving the needs of its citizens.
ENGR S. KHAN
The education system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) faces deep-rooted challenges that hinder its ability to deliver quality education. While efforts have been made to improve literacy rates and infrastructure, significant gaps remain. Issues such as poor facilities, teacher shortages, outdated curricula, and rising drug abuse among students continue to derail progress. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents a promising way to address these issues. This article explores the key challenges in KP’s education system, their societal impact, and how AI can offer practical solutions.
One of the most pressing problems is the lack of basic infrastructure and facilities in schools, especially in rural and tribal areas. Many schools still operate in crumbling buildings without proper classrooms, drinking water, electricity, or toilets. A large number of students study in rented spaces or under open skies, which affects their concentration and learning outcomes. In remote areas, the absence of transport facilities makes it difficult for students, particularly girls, to attend school regularly, worsening gender disparities.
The shortage of trained teachers is another significant hurdle. There are not enough qualified educators, especially for critical subjects like science, mathematics, and English. Political interference in recruitment often leads to the hiring of underqualified individuals. Furthermore, teacher absenteeism remains widespread, particularly in hard-to-reach areas, where oversight is minimal. This directly affects the quality of education and learning continuity for students.
KP also suffers from high dropout rates, with many children, particularly from low-income families, forced to leave school due to financial hardships. Girls face additional barriers, such as early marriages, domestic responsibilities, and cultural restrictions. In many tribal regions, societal norms prevent girls from attending school, leading to alarming gender gaps in education and literacy.
Adding to these problems is an outdated curriculum, heavily focused on rote memorization rather than critical thinking or analytical skills. This outdated content fails to prepare students for modern job markets or higher education. Moreover, the lack of research-oriented programs in universities limits students’ creativity and innovation, stalling technological and economic advancement in the province.
Despite the provincial government allocating a significant portion of its budget to education, corruption and mismanagement plague the system. Funds are often siphoned off, leading to ghost schools and teachers—where salaries are drawn for non-existent staff or institutions. Poor oversight in infrastructure projects results in substandard school buildings and missing essential facilities, wasting public money and depriving children of safe learning environments.
Access to higher education and technical training is also limited. Many districts lack universities and vocational institutes, forcing students to migrate to cities, which many families cannot afford. Public universities that do exist are under-equipped, with outdated research facilities that hinder academic growth. This lack of local opportunities leaves many young people without pathways to employment or higher learning.
Another serious challenge is the impact of security issues on education. In recent years, extremist groups have targeted and destroyed schools, especially girls’ schools, creating a climate of fear. Parents are often reluctant to send their children to school due to security concerns, and many schools lack proper security measures, leaving them vulnerable to attacks.
One of the most alarming and rising problems in KP is drug abuse among students. Increasing numbers of students, especially in urban areas like Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad, are becoming addicted to substances like crystal meth (ice), heroin, and hashish. Drugs are easily accessible near campuses, and weak law enforcement, combined with peer pressure and academic stress, worsens the crisis. Drug abuse leads to poor academic performance, mental and physical health issues, increased crime rates, and family distress. Without adequate rehabilitation centers and awareness programs, this problem threatens to destroy the future workforce of the province.
Despite these grim realities, Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers transformative solutions that can improve KP’s education system in multiple ways. AI can help improve infrastructure and resource management by identifying underserved areas through school mapping and population analysis. This allows for better planning of new schools and smarter allocation of educational funds, reducing corruption.
AI can also revolutionize teacher recruitment and training. AI-driven hiring platforms can ensure merit-based appointments by evaluating candidates objectively, eliminating political interference. Additionally, AI-powered virtual training can help existing teachers improve their skills through personalized learning modules and simulations.
For students, AI can personalize learning experiences. Adaptive learning platforms can assess individual student needs and adjust lessons accordingly, helping weaker students catch up and allowing advanced learners to excel. AI-based tutors and chatbots can also offer round-the-clock academic support, helping students beyond school hours.
AI can play a key role in modernizing the curriculum by analyzing global education trends and labor market demands. It can help update outdated content and integrate critical thinking, problem-solving, and technology-based skills. AI-based gamification and interactive learning tools can also make education more engaging and reduce dependence on rote learning.
Importantly, AI can help combat drug abuse in schools and colleges. AI systems can monitor behavioral patterns to detect early signs of substance abuse, enabling timely intervention. AI-powered chatbots can provide confidential counseling and mental health support to students battling addiction or peer pressure, creating a safer academic environment.
School security can also benefit from AI. AI-powered surveillance systems with facial recognition can monitor school premises and identify threats. Predictive analytics can help authorities anticipate risks and take preemptive action to prevent violence or attacks on schools.
To address the lack of technical and vocational education, AI can assist in career counseling by analyzing students’ strengths and interests to recommend suitable career paths. AI-driven simulations and virtual reality (VR) can provide hands-on training in fields like engineering, IT, and healthcare, equipping students with job-ready skills.
Finally, AI can fight corruption and improve transparency. AI-integrated blockchain systems can track education funds to ensure they are properly utilized. AI-based attendance tracking can prevent ghost teachers and schools, ensuring accountability.
In conclusion, while KP’s education system faces significant challenges—from poor infrastructure and teacher shortages to drug abuse and corruption—Artificial Intelligence offers powerful tools to overcome these hurdles. By embracing AI for better planning, transparent management, modern teaching methods, and enhanced student support, KP can build a resilient and future-ready education system. These measures will not only improve literacy and academic performance but also secure a prosperous future for the youth of KP and the broader society.
Hassan SAJID
The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) was introduced in 2016 as Pakistan’s primary law to regulate digital spaces and address cybercrimes. While it aimed to improve online security and protect individuals from digital abuse, the law’s original framework had several gaps that left room for exploitation.
Over time, these gaps became more apparent, especially in cases regarding fake news, online propaganda, and digital harassment. Misinformation spreads rapidly, often damaging reputations and manipulating public opinion. To address these growing threats, the government introduced key amendments to PECA in January 2025, strengthening the law to curb digital misuse and ensure greater accountability in the online world.
When PECA was first introduced, it focused heavily on cybercrimes like hacking, identity theft, and online harassment. However, as social media platforms grew more powerful, a new threat emerged organized misinformation campaigns designed to manipulate public perception.
The original PECA law lacked the tools to respond effectively to this challenge. There were no strict penalties for those who deliberately spread false information, and social media platforms faced little pressure to remove harmful content. This allowed fake news to flourish, often creating confusion and panic.
For example, a 2024 Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) report highlighted how viral fake news campaigns played a major role in distorting public opinion during politically sensitive events. Fabricated content spread rapidly, influencing narratives and fueling unrest. Unfortunately, PECA’s original framework failed to hold the culprits accountable or provide adequate protection to those targeted by false accusations or online harassment.
The absence of proper enforcement mechanisms left victims of digital abuse with limited options for justice, while social media platforms avoided responsibility for allowing harmful content to circulate unchecked.
These weaknesses made it clear that PECA needed serious improvements to address modern digital threats.
Key Amendments in PECA:
To close these gaps, the government introduced a series of amendments designed to improve digital safety, curb misinformation, and strengthen legal protections for citizens.
One of the most significant changes was the introduction of Section 26-A, which criminalizes the ‘intentional’ spreading of false and fake information. Under this provision, anyone found guilty of deliberately spreading false information that harms an individual’s reputation or incites public disorder can now face up to three years of imprisonment and a fine of up to two million rupees.
Another major change was the creation of the Social Media Protection and Regulatory Authority (SMPRA). This new regulatory body was given the authority to monitor digital platforms, ensuring they respond swiftly to requests for content removal. SMPRA can now direct platforms to take down harmful content that promotes hate speech, violence, or false information. This step aims to prevent damaging narratives from gaining traction online.
To ensure that SMPRA’s decisions are fair and transparent, the government also introduced Social Media Protection Tribunals (SMPTs). These tribunals consisting of legal, media, and technology experts are tasked with handling disputes related to content regulation. Their involvement is meant to prevent misuse of the law while ensuring digital accountability remains a priority.
Recognizing the need for stronger investigative capabilities, the government also replaced the Cyber Crime Wing (CCW) with the newly established National Cyber Crime Investigation Agency (NCCIA). Equipped with enhanced powers and a dedicated cybercrime forensic laboratory, the NCCIA is designed to investigate organized misinformation campaigns and identify those responsible for spreading false narratives online.
The amendments to PECA have already shown positive outcomes, particularly in improving digital accountability and protecting citizens from harmful content.
By criminalizing deliberate misinformation, the law has made it riskier for individuals and groups to manipulate public opinion through fabricated stories. This has encouraged more responsible content creation across social media platforms, as bloggers, influencers, and journalists are now more mindful of verifying information before sharing it.
For individuals targeted by online harassment or false accusations, the amendments have brought a sense of security. Victims now have stronger legal backing to pursue justice, with clearer definitions of what constitutes defamatory content or malicious digital abuse. The establishment of SMPRA has improved social media accountability, forcing platforms to remove harmful content faster than before. This has helped curb organized campaigns designed to spread hatred, create panic, or damage reputations.
The creation of NCCIA has also played a key role in tracking down those behind coordinated fake news campaigns, improving law enforcement’s ability to respond to digital threats efficiently.
In addition to protecting individuals, these changes have contributed to improved national security. Fake news campaigns previously had the potential to destabilize public order, especially during elections, protests, or political events. The stricter penalties for deliberate misinformation now discourage those who attempt to manipulate public sentiment for personal or political gain.
Addressing Concerns About Free Speech:
Despite these positive changes, some critics have expressed concerns that the PECA amendments could be misused to restrict free speech or silence political dissent. Critics argue that the definitions of “fake news” and “misleading content” could be misinterpreted, potentially putting journalists, activists, or critics at risk.
In response, the government has clarified that the amendments are designed to target intentional misinformation campaigns, not legitimate criticism, investigative reporting, or fair political debate. The introduction of Social Media Protection Tribunals (SMPTs) ensures that content regulation decisions are made fairly and transparently.
By ensuring the law is enforced responsibly, authorities aim to strike a balance between controlling harmful content and protecting citizens’ right to free expression.
The amendments to PECA were a necessary and timely response to the evolving challenges posed by fake news, digital manipulation, and online harassment. By addressing the weaknesses in the original law, these amendments have strengthened protections for individuals, promoted responsible journalism, and improved accountability for social media platforms.
While concerns about misuse exist, the introduction of fair oversight mechanisms and stricter guidelines for enforcement ensure that legitimate criticism and responsible reporting remain protected. The PECA amendments provide a stronger legal framework for safeguarding digital spaces ultimately fostering a more informed, secure, and responsible online environment for all citizens.
Pakistan’s Social Media Story: Turning posts into progress
SALMAN AHMAD
In the current tech-driven world, social media has become a powerful tool that influences millions of lives daily–– both positively and adversely. For Pakistan, especially for the youth of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, social media offers many opportunities, but, unfortunately, instead of harnessing these opportunities, most of our youth are using it to spread hatred, misinformation, and destructive ideologies.
Social media platforms including Facebook, X, Instagram, YouTube and TikTok provide access to global knowledge, online courses, and research materials, enabling students and entrepreneurs to learn new skills and explore economic opportunities such as freelancing and e-commerce.
However, despite the life-changing opportunities, social media is being used to spread hate speech, misinformation, and extremist content, particularly in conflict-prone regions. Cyberbullying, harassment, and online propaganda not only disturb social harmony but also pose threats to national security. To combat this, a strict regulatory framework consisting of stronger cyber laws, digital literacy programs, and ethical content creation initiatives is the need of the hour.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa youth can harness digital platforms for positive change by engaging in online education, freelancing, e-commerce, content creation, and civic activism.
Social Media as a Catalyst for Change: One of the biggest advantages of social media is its role in education and research. Online courses, academic discussions, and digital libraries have made knowledge more accessible than ever before. Students and researchers can connect with experts worldwide, exchange ideas, and access the latest developments in science and technology. Platforms like YouTube and Coursera offer free and paid courses that can enhance skills and open new career paths.
Social media has also revolutionized economic opportunities. Young entrepreneurs are using Facebook Marketplace, Instagram Shops, and LinkedIn to promote their businesses. Digital marketing, freelancing, and e-commerce have opened new income streams, allowing the youth to earn without leaving their hometowns. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with its rich cultural heritage and traditional crafts, can leverage social media to market local products globally.
The Dark Side: Hate Speech and Misinformation: Pakistan has witnessed an increase in online propaganda, fake news, and extremist narratives that threaten social harmony and national security. Malicious actors exploit digital platforms to manipulate public opinion, create unrest, and target vulnerable individuals.
The problem is particularly severe in conflict-prone regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where misinformation can fuel violence and deepen divisions. Cyberbullying, harassment, and extremist recruitment are also on the rise. If left unchecked, these dangers can destabilize communities and hinder progress.
Tightening the Noose on Negative Elements: Pakistan needs a robust framework to monitor and regulate social media usage to ensure a positive digital space. The government, social media companies, and civil society must collaborate to enforce strict regulations against online hate speech, harassment, and fake news while ensuring these laws are not misused to suppress legitimate voices. Promoting digital literacy is essential, with schools and universities incorporating media literacy programs to help the youth identify fake news, verify sources, and use social media responsibly. Ethical content creation should be encouraged, urging influencers to foster constructive narratives, national unity, and social harmony, while platforms reward positive engagement and penalize harmful content.
Empowering the youth for economic growth is equally crucial, with government and private sector initiatives supporting young entrepreneurs in leveraging social media for business and freelancing through digital marketing and e-commerce training programs. Additionally, authorities must enhance social media monitoring to detect and counteract online extremism and misinformation, ensuring a transparent system is in place to prevent the misuse of monitoring powers.
Utilizing the Internet for Positive Change and Economic Growth: The youth of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have great potential to leverage the internet and social media platforms to bring positive societal change while securing a sustainable livelihood. Digital Education and Skill Development: Enrolling in online courses on platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and YouTube can help young people acquire high-demand skills such as graphic design, programming, content writing, and digital marketing. Participating in webinars and online workshops further enhances their knowledge, keeping them updated on industry trends and best practices.
Freelancing and Remote Work: Freelancing platforms like Fiverr, Upwork, and Freelancer offer opportunities to work as independent professionals in fields such as writing, web development, translation, and social media management. Additionally, learning English and improving communication skills can open doors to global work opportunities, allowing youth to compete in the international job market.
E-commerce and Online Businesses: Starting anonline store on platforms like Daraz, Shopify, and Facebook Marketplace enables young entrepreneurs to sell handmade crafts, clothing, or local products. They can also explore drop-shipping and affiliate marketing as cost-effective ways to enter the e-commerce industry without significant upfront investment.
Influencer Marketing and Content Creation: Creating engaging and positive content on platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram can help spread awareness about social issues while generating income through sponsorships and ad revenue. Niche content, such as educational videos, tech reviews, and cultural storytelling, can attract a global audience and establish a sustainable digital career.
Young Pakistanis must take ownership of their digital footprint. They must reject content that promotes hate and violence and instead use their online presence to educate, inspire, and empower others. Every post, share, and comment should contribute to progress, not division.
By leveraging social media for education, research, and economic opportunities, Pakistan can transform its digital story from chaos to progress. A strict watch on its misuse and a commitment to positive engagement will ensure that social media becomes a tool for national development rather than destruction.
The choice is in our hands. Will we use social media to build or to break? The future of Pakistan’s digital landscape depends on the responsibility and wisdom of its youth.
SHAHZAD MASOOD ROOMI
Kurram District, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, is a volatile region marked by recurring sectarian violence between its Shia and Sunni Muslim communities. Unlike most of Pakistan, where Sunnis form the overwhelming majority, Kurram has a significant Shia population—estimated at around 42%—with the Turi tribe being predominantly Shia and the Bangash tribe divided between both sects. This demographic mix, combined with historical tensions, land disputes, and external influences, fuels ongoing conflict.
Although the violence in Kurram is often portrayed as sectarian unrest, it is not purely sectarian in origin. Many clashes stem from underlying issues such as land ownership disputes, which escalate into sectarian violence due to tribal and religious affiliations. This complex law-and-order situation has turned Kurram into a hotbed for militant groups such as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Islamic State-Khorasan (ISKP), and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, all of which have targeted Shia communities after labeling them apostates. Meanwhile, the Sunni community has pointed to the Zainebiyoun Brigade—a Shia militia with ties to Iran—as a contributor to the violence. The district’s proximity to Afghanistan adds another layer of complexity, as cross-border militancy and refugee influxes further inflame local rivalries. Violence in Kurram has intensified over the past two years.
Escalation of Violence in 2023-2025
In July 2023, a land dispute between Shia and Sunni tribes in Upper Kurram led to violent confrontations, resulting in at least 13 deaths and 90 injuries over several days. Despite a ceasefire, tensions persisted, with road blockages causing shortages of food, fuel, and medicine.
Similarly, on October 12, 2024, a Sunni convoy under paramilitary escort was ambushed in Kurram, killing 16 people, including women and children. This incident highlighted the ongoing cycle of retaliatory attacks between sectarian groups.
Another major wave of violence struck the district from November 21-23, 2024, when gunmen attacked two Shia convoys traveling from Parachinar to Peshawar, killing 52 people, including women and children. Although no group claimed responsibility, the attack triggered retaliatory assaults by Shia groups on Sunni areas such as Bagan village, where markets and homes were torched. Over three days, the death toll exceeded 80, with more than 200 people killed in Kurram since July 2024 alone. A seven-day ceasefire was brokered on November 24, but sporadic violence continued.
On January 17, 2025, unidentified gunmen ambushed and torched aid trucks in Kurram, killing two security personnel and five drivers. This attack underscored the persistent insecurity despite repeated peace efforts.
State Response: Inconsistent and Ineffective
State’s response to the Kurram crisis has been inconsistent, relying heavily on short-term measures while placing the burden of maintaining order primarily on the Pakistan Army. Governance failures have exacerbated the situation, contributing to the country’s overall deteriorating law and order.
Mediation Efforts: The government has repeatedly dispatched delegations, including provincial officials and tribal jirgas (councils), to broker truces. For instance, after the November 2024 violence, a high-level team—including KPK’s Chief Secretary and Inspector General of Police—negotiated a ceasefire. However, these agreements, like the 10-day truce in late November 2024, frequently collapse due to intermittent clashes.
Security Deployment: Police and paramilitary units have been deployed to enforce peace and escort convoys. Following the January 2025 attack, a large-scale operation targeting militants was launched in Kurram, marking the first significant military action in the district in recent years. However, militants and sectarian fighters often vacate conflict zones during operations, only to return once military campaigns conclude.
Infrastructure and Aid: Authorities have intermittently restored access to blocked roads, such police presence, and the slow establishment of a as the Thal-Parachinar highway, and delivered humanitarian aid. For instance, in January 2025, aid convoys transported food and medicine to affected areas.
Policy Commitments: After the 2018 merger of tribal areas into KPK, the government pledged to integrate these regions by ensuring security and development. However, implementation has lagged significantly.
Current Situation and Challenges
Despite these efforts, the situation in Kurram remains dire. Ceasefires offer only temporary relief, while the root causes of violence remain unaddressed. The death toll—exceeding 200 since July 2024—indicates a worsening security situation. Road closures persist, exacerbating humanitarian crises, with reports of shortages continuing into March 2025. The January 2025 security operation suggests a shift toward a more proactive approach, but its long-term effectiveness remains uncertain. Weak governance, a limited justice system following the FATA merger continue to hinder lasting stability.
Bunker Destruction: Authorities have demolished 979 bunkers in Kurram over the past two months as part of the Kohat peace agreement signed on January 1, 2025. These fortifications, previously held by both conflicting sides, were removed entirely, marking a key step towards the restoration of peace. The demolition, confirmed to be 100% complete, aligns with broader peace efforts that include disarmament and deployment of a special force for regional security.
Road Protection: Road protection in the Kurram District remains a significant concern due to ongoing security challenges. Several measures by security forces and local administration have been taken to enhance security. These include the deployment of a special police force dedicated to securing the Parachinar Road and the establishment of 120 security posts along the main highway in the district.
Way Forward
De-weaponization: Since the area is no longer part of FATA after the merger, de-weaponization targeting illegal arms among sectarian groups and tribal militias is essential for peace.
Resolve Land Disputes: Establish a robust land commission to settle disputes in areas like Boshera and Balishkhel, which frequently trigger violence. The 2021 initiative must be enforced with sustained follow-through.
Strengthen Governance: Fully integrate Kurram into KPK administrative and legal framework, replacing tribal customs with a functional justice system to deter violence and ensure accountability. Disarmament campaigns are essential to address the proliferation of heavy weapons.
Promote Economic Development: Invest in infrastructure, education, and healthcare to reduce marginalization—a key driver of unrest. The Accelerated Implementation Program funds must be effectively utilized.
Foster Community Reconciliation: Encourage dialogue between Shia and Sunni leaders to address longstanding grievances, including the displacement of Sunnis from the 2007 clashes, and focus on trust-building rather than temporary truces.
Enhance Border Security: Strengthen control along the Afghan border to curb militant infiltration and arms smuggling. Despite fencing efforts, terrorists continue to exploit natural corridors such as riverbeds and water streams. Without addressing these structural issues, Kurram’s cycle of violence will persist, undermining state authority and human security. The KPK government must establish strong provincial institutions to address local challenges while proactively engaging sectarian groups to counter misunderstandings and disinformation in real-time. This is undoubtedly a difficult task, but it is essential. Military action alone cannot compensate for governance failures—this shortcoming must be addressed not only in Kurram but across the country.
DR. SAHIBZADA MUHAMMAD USMAN
In a significant stride toward addressing Pakistan’s complex socio-political and security challenges, a consultative Jirga convened under the leadership of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Chief Minister has issued a comprehensive joint declaration. Rooted in the Pashtun tradition of collective decision-making, this Jirga—comprising tribal elders, religious scholars, and political representatives—has outlined a visionary agenda to foster national unity, counter extremism, and stabilise the volatile Pak-Afghan border region. The declaration, blending traditional governance mechanisms with modern statecraft, reflects an urgent response to escalating violence, sectarian discord, and institutional distrust. Its nine-point framework not only condemns militant aggression but also proposes actionable strategies for reconciliation, governance reform, and regional diplomacy, marking a critical juncture in Pakistan’s quest for durable peace.
The Jirga’s unequivocal condemnation of armed groups operating “in the name of Islam” underscores a growing consensus among Pakistani stakeholders that extremism cannot be legitimized through religious rhetoric. This stance is particularly salient in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and ISIS-Khorasan have intensified attacks, exploiting sectarian fault lines. By rejecting violence as antithetical to Islamic principles, the Jirga seeks to delegitimize militant narratives and galvanize public opinion against terrorism. This moral clarity is vital in regions like Kurram, where Sunni-Shia conflicts, compounded by external interference, have claimed hundreds of lives over decades.
A cornerstone of the declaration is the formation of a high-level Jirga to negotiate with Afghanistan, signaling a pragmatic shift toward dialogue over militarized brinkmanship. Given the cross-border nature of militancy—with groups like the TTP using Afghan soil as a sanctuary—this initiative acknowledges that Pakistan’s security is inextricably linked to stable bilateral relations. The inclusion of religious leaders in the delegation is strategic; their influence could mitigate Afghanistan’s perception of Pakistan as a partisan actor, fostering trust. However, success hinges on Kabul’s willingness to curb militant havens, a persistent point of contention.
The Jirga’s emphasis on a “permanent solution” to the Kurram crisis reflects an understanding that temporary ceasefires and military operations alone cannot heal deep-seated sectarian divides. Kurram’s merger into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 aimed to integrate the region administratively, but socio-economic neglect and political marginalization persist. A sustainable resolution demands grassroots reconciliation, equitable resource allocation, and the dismantling of patronage networks that fuel violence. The declaration’s call for unity among sects to thwart external interference—a nod to regional rivals allegedly stoking discord—adds geopolitical urgency to local peacebuilding.
The Jirga’s appeal to religious factions to promote inter-sectarian harmony is both a recognition of their moral authority and a critique of their historical role in polarization. By urging clerics to counter hate speech and foster solidarity, the declaration aligns with global deradicalization models that leverage theological counter-narratives. This approach could weaken groups like Lashkar-e-Jhangvi or Sipah-e-Sahaba, which thrive on sectarian antagonism. However, success requires dismantling foreign funding streams and ensuring that religious institutions adhere to state-led pluralistic frameworks.
The formation of a national coordination committee highlights the declaration’s Achilles’ heel: implementation. Pakistan’s history is replete with well-intentioned Jirgas and committees whose recommendations languish in bureaucratic inertia. To avoid this fate, the committee must prioritize deadlines, stakeholder accountability, and civil society engagement, ensuring that the Jirga’s declarations evolve from rhetoric to policy.
The Jirga’s declaration is a holistic blueprint addressing Pakistan’s security, governance, and societal challenges through a blend of traditional and modern mechanisms. Its strength lies in diagnosing interconnected issues—militancy, sectarianism, institutional politicization—and proposing multifaceted solutions. However, the feasibility of these measures remains uncertain. Diplomatic engagement with Afghanistan hinges on Taliban cooperation, which is unreliable. Moreover, measures depends on sustained political will, often the success of committees and confidence-building elusive in Pakistan’s volatile polity.
Ultimately, the declaration’s significance lies in its symbolic reaffirmation of collective action. By reviving the Jirga tradition, it seeks to foster ownership of peace processes among diverse stakeholders. Yet, without structural reforms, international support, and relentless public oversight, this vision risks becoming another footnote in Pakistan’s struggle for stability. The path forward demands not just declarations but decisive action—a test the nation must now confront.
“A nation’s strength lies in its unity; divided by sect, tribe, or tongue, it becomes a shadow of its potential.” — Adapted from Pashto proverbs on communal harmony.
The Jirga’s declaration represents a holistic blueprint for national renewal, balancing security imperatives with socio-political reconciliation. Its success hinges on unwavering political will, civic participation, and regional collaboration—a testament to the enduring relevance of collective wisdom in navigating modernity’s complexities.
